IMMUNIZATION TYPES

IMMUNIZATION

Immunization is defined as the procedure by which the body is prepared to fight against a specific disease. It is used to induce the immune resistance of the body to a specific disease. Immunization is of two types:

1. Passive immunization

2. Active immunization.

PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION

Passive immunization or immunity is produced without challenging the immune system of the body. It is done by administration of serum or gamma globulins from a person who is already immunized (affected by the disease) to a non-immune person. Passive immunization is acquired either naturally or

artificially.

Passive Natural Immunization

Passive natural immunization is acquired from the mother before and after birth. Before birth, immunity is

transferred from mother to the fetus in the form of maternal antibodies (mainly IgG) through placenta. After birth, the antibodies (IgA) are transferred through breast milk. Lymphocytes of the child are not activated. In addition, the antibodies received from the mother are metabolized soon. Therefore, the passive immunity is short lived. The significance of passive immunity that is obtained before birth is the prevention of Rh incompatibility in pregnancy.

Passive Artificial Immunization

Passive artificial immunization is developed by injecting previously prepared antibodies using serum from humans or animals. Antibodies are obtained from the persons affected by the disease or from animals, particularly horses which have been immunized artificially. The serum containing the antibody (antiserum) is administered to people who have developed the disease (therapeutic). It is also used as a prophylactic measure. Prophylaxis refers to medical or public health procedures to prevent a disease in people who may be exposed to the disease in a later period. This type of immunity is useful for providing immediate

protection against acute infections like tetanus, measles, diphtheria, etc. and for poisoning by insects,

snakes and venom from other animals. It is also used as a prophylactic measure. However, this may result in complications and anaphylaxis. There is a risk of transmitting HIV and hepatitis.

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION

Active immunization or immunity is acquired by activating immune system of the body. Body develops resistance against disease by producing antibodies following the exposure to antigens. Active immunity is acquired either naturally or artificially.

Active Natural Immunization

Naturally acquired active immunity involves activation of immune system in the body to produce antibodies. It is achieved in both clinical and subclinical infections.

Clinical infection

Clinical infection is defined as the invasion of the body tissues by pathogenic microorganisms which reproduce, multiply and cause disease by injuring the cells, secreting a toxin or antigen-antibody reaction. During infection, the plasma cells produce immune globulins to destroy the invading antigens. Later, due to the activity of memory cells, body retains the ability to produce the antibodies against the specific antigens invaded previously.

Subclinical infection

Subclinical infection is defined as an infection in which symptoms are very mild and do not alert the affected subject. The disease thus produced may not be severe to develop any manifestations. However, it causes the activation of B lymphocytes, resulting in production of antibodies.

Active Artificial Immunization

Active artificial immunization is a type of immunization is achieved by the administration of vaccines or toxoids.

Vaccines

Vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent the disease produced by certain pathogens. Vaccine consists of dead pathogens or live but attenuated (artificially weakened) organisms. The vaccine induces immunity against the pathogen, either by production of antibodies or by activation of T lymphocytes. Edward Jenner produced first live vaccine. He produced the vaccine for smallpox from cowpox virus. Nowadays, vaccines are used to prevent many diseases like measles, mumps, poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, smallpox, rubella, yellow fever, rabies, typhoid, influenza, hepatitis B, etc.

Toxoids

Toxoid is a substance which is normally toxic and has been processed to destroy its toxicity but retains its capacity to induce antibody production by immune system. Toxoid consists of weakened components or toxins secreted by the pathogens. Toxoids are used to develop immunity against diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, cholera, etc. The active artificial immunity may be effective lifelong or for short period. It is effective lifelong against the diseases such as mumps, measles, smallpox, tuberculosis and yellow fever. It is effective only for short period against some diseases like cholera (about 6 months) and tetanus (about 1 year).